GREED AND GRIEVANCE: A PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND VIOLENT CONFLICT

Rifki Dermawan

Abstract


ABSTRAK

Perubahan iklim telah menjadi isu penting lingkungan pada saat sekarang ini dan penelitian terkait fenomena alam tersebut telah berkembang ke berbagai cabang ilmu pengetahuan, termasuk studi keamanan. Hubungan antara perubahan iklim dan konflik kekerasan merupakan salah satu topik pembahasan. Isu tersebut masih berada dalam ranah perdebatan bagi akademisi dan pembuatan kebijakan karena mereka memiliki pandangan dan pemahaman yang beragam terkait hubungan sebab-akibat antara perubahan iklim dan konflik. Berdasarkan beberapa kasus, seperti konflik Sungai Nil, tsunami Boxing Day, dan perang sipil di Somalia, artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa perubahan iklim bisa menjadi sumber konflik tetapi faktor-faktor yang lain juga berkontribusi terhadap konflik tersebut. Hasil dari observasi berdasarkan teori greed - grievance menunjukkan bahwa peran pemerintah dan kondisi sebuah negara juga memiliki pengaruh yang besar. Pemerintah memiliki peran penting dalam manajemen dan pencegahan konflik, sementara situasi sosial dan politik dari sebuah negara bisa menjadi faktor pemicu.

Kata kunci: Perubahan iklim, Konflik kekerasan, Hubungan sebab akibat


ABSTRACT

Climate change has become a majo r environmental issue nowadays and research regarding this natural phenomenon has expanded to various academic fields, including security studies. The link between climate change and violent conflict is one of the important topics of discussion. This subje ct is still debatable for scholars and policymakers since they have various perspectives and understandings on a cause - and - effect relationship between climate change and conflict. Based on several cases, such as the Nile River conflict, the Boxing Day tsun ami, and the Somali civil war, this article concludes that climate change can be a source of violent conflict, however, other factors also contribute to the event. The observation based on the greed - grievance theory indicates that role of the government an d the condition of the state have significant influence as well. Governments play an essential role in managing and preventing a conflict from erupting while the distinct social and political situation of a state can be a causal factor.

Keywords: Climate change, Violent conflict, C ause - and - effect relationship


References


Athukorala, P and Resosudarmo, B.P. (2005) ‘The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Economic Impact , Disaster Management and Lessons’, Asian Economic Panel Conference , Tokyo, 6-7 March. Barnett, J. (2000) ‘Destabilizing the Environment-Conflict Thesis’, Review of International Studies , 26 (2): 271- 288. Barnett, J. (2003) ‘Security and Climate Change’, Global Environmental Change , 13 (1): 7-17. Barnett, J. and Adger, N. (2007) ‘Security and Climate Change: Towards an Improved Understanding’, Human Security and Climate Change Workshop , Oslo, 21-23 June. Bloom, D., Clarke, H., and Sevenzo, F. (2017) ‘Kenya to appeal court block on closure of world’s largest refugee camp’, CNN , 18 February, available online at http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/09/africa/kenya-dadaab- refugee-camp/, accessed 20 April 2017. Bryman, A., Teevan, J., and Bell, E. (2009), Social Science Research Methods 2nd Canadian Edition , Oxford: OUP Oxford. Carrington, D. (2016) ‘Climate change will stir ‘unimaginable’ refugee crisis, says military’, Guardian , 1 December, available online at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/01/climate-change-trigger- unimaginable-refugee-crisis-senior-military, accessed 27 April 2017. Carrington, D. (2017) ‘Record-breaking climate change pushes world into ‘uncharted territory’’, Guardian , 21 March, available online at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/21/record-breaking- climate-change-world-uncharted-territory, accessed 30 April 2017. Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford E conomic P apers , 56(4): 563-595. Crisp, J. (2000) ‘A State of Insecurity: The Political Economy of Violence in Kenya’s Refugee Camps’, African Affairs, 99 (1): 601-632. Dupont, A. (2008) ‘The Strategic Implications of Climate Change’, Survival , 50 (3): 29-54. Gleick, P.H. (2014) ‘Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria’, American Meteorogical Society , 6 (1): 331-340. Hartmann, B. (2010) ‘Rethinking Climate Refugees and Climate Conflict: Rhetoric, Reality and the Politics of Policy Discourse’, Journal of International Development , 22 (1): 233-246. Homer-Dixon, T.F. (1994) ‘Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases’, International Security , 19 (1): 5-40. Hussein, A. (2016) ‘I grew up in the world’s biggest refugee camp – what happens when it closes?’, Guardian , 23 September, available online at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/23/kenya-dadaab- refugee-camp-what-happens-when-it-closes-asad-hussein, accessed 1 May 2017. Kamau, C. and Fox, J. (2013), A Study on Livelihood Activities and Opportunities for Dadaab Refugees, Nairobi: Intermedia Development Consultants.

Ki-Moon, B. (2007) ‘A Climate Culprit in Darfur’,

W a s hin g t o n P o s t , 16 June, available online at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/06/15/7.html, accessed 22 April 2017. Kingsbury, D. (2007) ‘The Free Aceh Movement: Islam and Democratisation’, Journal of Contemporary Asia , 37 (2): 166-189. Knafo, S. (2011) ‘Scientists Link Famine in Somalia to Global Warming’, 19 August, available online at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/19/somalia-famine-climate-change-global- warming_n_930935.html, accessed 2 May 2017. Lawrence, F. (2011) ‘Drought in East Africa the result of climate change and conflict’, Guardian , 4 July, available online at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/drought-east-africa-climate-change, accessed 30 April 2017. Masyrafah, H. and McKeon, J.M. (2008), ‘Post-tsunami Aid Effectiveness in Aceh’, Washington D.C., Brookings. Maystadt, J. and Ecker, O. (2014) ‘Extreme Weather and Civil War: Does Drought Fuel Conflict in Somalia through Livestock Price Shocks?’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 96 (4): 1157-1182. Mbote, P. (2007), Water, Conflict and Cooperation: Less ons from the Nile River Basin , Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars. Meares, R. (2009) ‘Global warming may bring tsunami and quakes: scientists’, Reuters, 16 September, available online at http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-climate-geology-idUSTRE58F62I20090916, accessed 21 April 2017. Meierding, E. (2013) ‘Climate Change and Conflict: Avoiding Small Talk about the Weather’, International Studies Review, 15 (1): 185-203. Mellos, K. (1988), Perspectives on Ecology: A Critical Essay . London: Macmillan. Murshed, S. M., & Tadjoeddin, M. Z. (2009). Revisiting the greed and grievance explanations for violent internal conflict. Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association , 21(1): 87-111. NASA (n.d.) ‘Climate change: how do we know?’, available at https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/, accessed 30 April 2017. Nebehay, S. and Miles, T. (2017) ‘Assad regime bombed Damascus water supply, turn Syria into a ‘torture chamber’-UN Officials’, A r a b N e w s , 14 March, available online at http://www.arabnews.com/node/1068121/middle-east, accessed 4 May 2017. OKACOM (2017) ‘The Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission (OKACOM)’, available at http://www.okacom.org/okacom-commission, accessed 28 April 2017. Reti, M.J. (2008), A Case Study in the Republic of the Marshall Islands , Apia: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Salehyan, I. (2008) ‘From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet’, Journal of Peace Research , 45 (3): 315- 326. Smith, O. (2017) ‘Revealed: The Nation that eats the least meat per capita (and is the least touristy place on Earth’, Telegraph , 14 May, available online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and- graphics/world-according-to-meat-consumption/, accessed 22 April 2017.

Stewart (2002) ‘Root Causes of Violent Conflict in Developing Countries’, BMJ , 324 (1): 342-345. United Nations (n.d.) ‘Climate Change’, available at http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/climate- change/index.html, accessed 30 April 2017. Wiebe, K. (2001) ‘The Nile River: Potential for Conflict and Cooperation in the Face of Water Degradation’, Natural Resources Journal , 41 (1): 731-754. World Bank (2017) ‘Remittances to Developing Countries Decline for Second Consecutive Year’, available at http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/04/21/remittances-to-developing-countries- decline-for-second-consecutive-year, accessed 19 April 2017. Yin, S. (2006) ‘Lifestyle Choices Affect U.S. Impact on the Environment’, available at http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2006/LifestyleChoicesAffectUSImpactontheEnvironment.asp x, accessed 29 April 2017.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i2.3522

DOI (PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)): https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i2.3522.g2665

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 


 Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan indexed by:

 

     

 

 

 

slot gacor slot gacor hari ini slot gacor 2025 demo slot pg slot gacor slot gacor