PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CINA: ANCAMAN DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KEAMANAN NASIONAL AMERIKA SERIKAT
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Perang dagang yang terjadi antara Amerika Serikat dengan Cina tidak hanya pada sektor ekonomi saja, namun berkembang ke berbagai sektor salah satunya adalah sektor teknologi dan industri. Obsesi Amerika Serikat dan Cina yang ingin mendominasi teknologi dunia membuat persaingan di kedua negara semakin ketat. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan beberapa inovasi di bidang teknologi industri atau penggabungan keduanya yang dikeluarkan oleh kedua negara. Seperti Cina yang berfokus pada sepuluh bidang utama untuk memainkan perang utama dalam peningkatan strategi industri termasuk next - generation IT, robotics, aerospace, farmasi dll untuk menjadikan Cina sebagai new superpower country dan dapat bersaing secara internasional. Ambisi Cina untuk menguasai dunia mendapat dukungan dari Presiden Xi Jinping yang memperkenalkan “Belt and Road Initiative” pada 2013. Tujuan dari B elt a n d R o a d I nitia tiv e adalah mempersatukan dan mengintegrasikan Cina, Rusia, Asia, Eropa, Timur Tengah, dan Afrika dengan dunia. Cina mewujudkan tujuan tersebut dengan mendirikan Silk Road Fund dan mendirikan Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Selain itu perkembangan teknologi Cina yang didukung dengan prinsip “copycat” versi Cina membuat penemuan berbagai artificial intellige nce di negara ini semakin maju. Hal tersebut semakin membuat Amerika Serika merasa insecure , terlebih ketika salah satu perusahaan asal Cina yakni Huawei menemukan teknologi f a c e r e c o g nitio n yang menurut Amerika Serikat dapat menjadi suatu ancaman spionase bagi pemerintah Cina. Alasan Amerika Serikat tersebut berdasarkan paham Komunis Cina yang mewajibkan perusahaan menyerahkan perusahannya atau dapat diambil alih oleh pemerintah Cina karena menjadi milik negara. Sehingga Amerika Serikat semakin gencar untuk melarang Huawei berkembang yakni dengan membatasi distribusi berbagai produk dari Huawei, melarang Huawei melakukan transaksi jual beli bahan baku produk yang berasal dari Barat, dan berbagai kebijakan lainnya. Kemudian berimplikasi tidak hanya produk dari Huawei saja namun meluas ke berbagai produk keluaran Cina. Tujuan penulisan ini untuk menjelaskan alasan Amerika Serikat merasa tidak aman dan terancam dengan teknologi yang sedang dikembangkan oleh Cina yang diawali dengan cara mengidentifikasi peningkatan artificial intelligence milik Cina. Selain itu tulisan ini akan menjelaskan perbedaan pemahaman di kedua negara dalam menjustifikasi kasus tersebut dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan Amerika Serikat merasa tidak aman dengan peningkatan Cina di berbagai sektor yang ada terutama di sektor teknologi. Lebih lanjut akan dijelaskan bagaimana c y b e r s e c u rit y t h e o r y yang digunakan dapat menunjukkan berbagai ancaman keamanan akibat perkembangan teknologi yang mungkin terjadi. Suatu negara dapat melakukan berbagai upaya proteksionisme terhadap keamanan siber sehingga tidak mengancam kedaulatan negara dan mengganggu kepentingan nasional negara tersebut.
Kata K unci : Cina, Amerika Serikat, A rtificial I ntelligence, dan C yber S ecurity
ABSTRACT
The trade war between United States and China is not only in the economic sector, but has expanded to various sectors, such as technology and industrial sectors. The obsession of the United States and China to dominate world technology has resulted into fierce competition between the two countries. The proof is some innovations in the field of industrial technology or the merger issued by the two countries. As seen in China's effort in the main field to play a major war in improving industrial strategies including next generation IT, robotics, aerospace, pharmaceuticals etc. Those are China's focuses in attempt to turn themselves into a new superpower country and be able to compete internationally. China's ambition to dominate the world has gained the support of President Xi Jinping who introduced the "Belt and Road Initiative" in 2013. The goal of the Belt and Road Initiative is to unite and integrate China, Russia, Asia, Europe, Middle East, and Africa into one connected world. China realizes this goal by establishing the Silk Road Fund and establishing the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). In addition, the "copycat" based development principles of Chinese technology has made the discovery of various artificial intelligence in the country become more advanced. This has escalated in the United States' sense of insecurity, especially when one of China's tech-based company, namely Huawei, has advanced in face recognition technology, which according to the United States is a security threat and could be a potential espionage attempt from the Chinese government. The motive behind United States' insecurity is due to China's Communist Ideology which requires every company to hand over their information to state's government or they will lose their company's permit. That's a strong reason for United States to prohibits Huawei aggressively from developing, to the point of limiting the distribution of various products from Huawei; prohibiting Huawei from purchasing raw materials from Western products; and other policies. It had affected not only to Huawei's product, but also other Chinese company products. The purpose of this paper is to explain why the United States feels insecure and threatened with technology being developed by China that begins with identifying the increase of China’s artificial intelligence. In addition, this paper will explain the differences in understanding between the two countries in justifying the case and what factors are causing the United States to feel insecure by the rise of China in various sectors, especially in the technology sector. Furthermore, it will be explained how the cyber security theory used in this paper is able to indicate various security threats due to technological developments that may occur. A country can carry out various protectionism measures against cyber security so that it does not threaten the state's sovereignty and interfere with the state's national interests.
Keywords: China, United States, Artificial Intelligence, and Cyber S ecurity
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i2.3524
DOI (PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)): https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v12i2.3524.g2667
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