MOTIVASI DIBALIK PENINGKATAN OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE JEPANG KE KAWASAN AFRIKA TAHUN 2008-2019

Rachmat Afi Azzam Pehang, Arie Kusuma Paksi

Abstract


This research analyses he motivation behind the improvement of Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA) to African Region in 2008-2019. By using the qualitative research method, this researh analyzes various literatures related to the research investigated. Based on the data obtained the African Region have never been the Japan’s main focus of aid intervention. However, when it entered the era of the 2000s, and in 2008 it became an important moment, when the ODA distribution policy for African Region was increasingly getting the main focus compared to other regions. Using the theory of national interest, the presence of Japan through increasing the distribution of ODA in the African Region is based the calculation of the African Region economic benefits for Japan.


Keywords


Official Development Assiatance (ODA), African Region, Economic Benefits

References


Abke, T. (2018, April 11). Home>>Cerita Populer>>Jepang Berkomitmen Terhadap Investasi dan Pembangunan Afrika. Diambil kembali dari Situs web Ipdefense Forum: https://ipdefenseforum.com/id/2018/04/jepang-berkomitmen-terhadap- investasi-dan-pembangunan-di-afrika/

AFD. Building Tomorrows's World (development Aid: What's It Alla About. Dipetik Oktober 27, 2020, dari AFD (Agence Francais De Developpment) Website: https://www.afd.fr/en/development-

aid-whats-it-all-about

African Business. (2019, Agustus 9). Japan expands its trade and investment in Africa. Dipetik Januari 20, 2021, dari African Business Website: https://african.business/2019/08/econo my/japan-expands-its-trade-and- investment-in-africa/

Alamsyah, K. (2018). Kembalinya Doktrin Fukuda Pada Era Pemerintahan Hukio Hatayama: Studi Peran Jepang Di Asia Tenggara. Global Insight, 46-61.

Al-Fadhat, F. (2019). Ekonomi Politik Jepang Di Asia Tenggara. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Anabarja, S. (2012). Efektivitas Official Development Assistance terhadap Negara Resipen. Andalas Journal of International Studies, 168-181.

Chrysostome, E. V., & Luptop, N. C. (2011).

Characteristics and Performance of Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in Africa. International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 54-77.

Coppard, D., Ciommo, M. D., Malerba, D., Okwarah, K., Rono, K., Strawson, T., et al. (2013, Oktober). Develpment Initiatives: Data & Gides (Official Development Assistance (ODA)). Dipetik November 19, 2020, dari Devinit Website: http://devinit.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/12/di-data- guides-oda-09-10-12-E.pdf

Cornelissen, S. (2016). Japan’s Official Development Assistance to Su- Saharan Africa: Patterns, Dynamics, and Lessons. Dalam H. Kato, J. Page, & Y. Shimomura, Japan’s Development Assistance: Forein Aid and the Post-2015 Agenda (hal. 142- 165). United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.

Damachi, K. (2009). Japanese Foreign Assistance to Africa: Aid and Trade. Working Paper Series No.58, hal. 1-17.

Dempsey, H. (2019, September 3). Economy (Japan Inc's Frustations in Africa Demand a New Approach). Dipetik Maret 10, 2021, dari Tokyo Review Web site: https://www.tokyoreview.net/2019/09/ japan-frustration-africa/

Denyer, S. (2019, Agustus 28). World>>Asia

& Pasifik (With one eye on China, Japan vows to expand its enagement in Africa). Dipetik Januari 13, 2021, dari Washington Post Website: https://www.washingtonpost.com/worl d/asia_pacific/with-one-eye-on-china- japan-vows-to-expand-its-engagement-in- africa/2019/08/28/f33925d6-c959-11e9-9615-8f1a32962e04_story.html

Diep, C. (2020, Oktober 13). Value & Trade>International Trade (Value of Exports to Africa from Japan in 2019, by country). Dipetik Januari 13, 2021, dari Statista Website: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1167159/japan-value-of-exports-to-africa-by country/

Eregha, P. B., & Oziegbe, T. R. (2016).

Official Develpment Assistance , Volatility and Per Capita Real GDP Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Comparative Regional Analysis. The Journal of Developing Areas, 363-382.

Eyinla, B. M. (2018). Promoting Japan's National Interest in Africa: A Review of TICAD. African Development, 107-

Furuoka, F., Oishi, M., & Kato, I. (2010, Juli 12). From Aid Recipient to Aid Donor: Tracing the Historical Transformation of Japan's Foreign Aid Policy. Dipetik Desember 5, 2020, dari Japanese Studies Website: https://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/art icles/2010/FuruokaOishiKato.html

Gatra. (2019, Agustus 30). Internasional (Ticad Tokyo-Africa Fokus Perkembangan Ekonomi dan Akses Kesehatan). Dipetik Maret 25, 2020, dari Situs web Gatra: https://www.gatra.com/detail/news/44

/international/ticad-tokyo-africa- fokus-perkembangan-ekonomi-dan- akses-kesehatan

Griffiths, M., & O'Callaghan, T. (2002). International Relations: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge.

Hadi, S. (2004). Strategi Pembangunan Indonesia Pasca IMF. Jakarta: Granit.

Hayashi, S. (2019, Maret 7). Economy (Japan's one-stop shop for Africa projects aims to match China). Dipetik Januari 13, 2021, dari Nikkei Asia Website: https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Japan-s-one-stop-shop-for-Africa-projects- aims-to-match-China

Hennesty, S. (2013, Maret 13). Kesehatan (WHO: Tigkat Kesehatan Perempuan di Afrika Rendah). Dipetik Desember 18, 2020, dari VOA Website: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/who- tingkat-kesehatan-perempuan-di-

afrika-rendah/1621746.html

Hirano, K. (2012). TICAD and the National Interest of Japan . Japanese Studies, 183-199.

Huda, M. I. (2016). Evolution of Japanese ODA 1945-2015: An Analysis. International Journal of East Asian Studies, 14-28.

Huda, M. I. (2016). Evolution of Japanese ODA 1945-2015: Analysis. International Journal of East Asian Studies, 14-28.

Hughes Hubbard & Reed. (2019, Oktober 4). Japan Promotes Investment in Africa. Dipetik Maret 9, 2021, dari Hughes Hubbard & Reed Web site: https://www.hugheshubbard.com/news/japan-promotes-investment-in-africa-1

Hynes, W., & Scott, S. (2012). The Evolution of Official Development Assistance: Achievements, Critism and a Way Forward. OECD Developent Co- Operation Working Papers, 1-25.

Ighobor, K. (2016, April). Boost in African- Japan Ties (Japan is increasingly eager to support Africa's transformation). Dipetik Janauari 13, 2021, dari United Nations Website: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/mag azine/april-2016/boost-japan-africa- ties

JETRO.Reports and Statistics>Japanese Trade and Investment Statistics. Dipetik January 13, 2021, dari JETRO (Japan External Trade Organization) Website: https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/reports/stati stics.html

JICA. Home>Our Work>Types of Assistance>Official development Loans>Official Development Assistance (ODA) and ODA Loans. Dipetik November 19, 2020, dari JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) Website: https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/types_of_assistance/oda_loans/over seas/index.html

Kitaoka, S. (2019, Agustus 27). Business/Economy/TICAD 7 Special. Dipetik Januari 12, 2021, dari Japantimes Website: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/20 19/08/27/business/economy- business/deepening-africa-japan- relationship-trust/

Kumparan. (2017, Maret 30). PBB: Kurangya Air Bersih Bahayakan Jutaan Orang yang Kelaparan. Dipetik Desember 18, 2020, dari Kumparan Webs ite: https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/ pbb-kurangnya-air-bersih-bahayakan- jutaan-orang-yang-kelaparan

Lewis, L., & Aglionby, J. (2019, Agustus 28). Special Report African Development>>African Economy>>Japa renews Africa invesmenet pust as rivals surge ahead. Dipetik Januari 13, 2021, dari Financial Times Website: https://www.ft.com/content/43bdefd2-82f6-11e9-a7f0-77d3101896ec

Marbun, J. (2013, November 8). Home>Ekonomi>Ekonomi (Kebagkitan Kejayaan Afrika). Dipetik Februari 28, 2021, dari Republika Website: https://republika.co.id/berita/ekonomi/ bisnis-global/13/11/08/mvxkm2- kebangkitan-kejayaan-afrika

MOFA. (1994). Top > Foreign Policy > Global Issues & ODA > Official Development Assistance (ODA) > Japan's ODA White Paper > Japan's ODA Annual Report (Summary) 1994> 1. History of Official Development Assistance. Dipetik Desember 7, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/su mmary/1994/1.html

MOFA. (2005). Chart III-14. Changes in ODA Disbursemenets by Region. Dipetik Desember 13, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Websiite: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/wh ite/2005/ODA2005/html/zuhyo/zu030

htm

MOFA. (2007). Top>Foreign Policy>Global Issues & ODA>Official Development Assistance (ODA)>ODA White Paper>2007. Dipetik March 25, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Web site: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/wh ite/2007/index.htm

MOFA. (2008). Top>Foreign Policy>Global Issues & ODA>Official Development Assitance (ODA)>Japan's White Paper>2008>Main Text. Dipetik Maret 25, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/wh ite/2008/html/ODA2008/html/honpen/ hp301000000.htm

MOFA. (2010). Top > Foreign Policy > Global Issues & ODA > Official Development Assistance (ODA) > Japan's ODA White Paper > 2010 > Main Text > Chapter 1 Japan’s Official Development Assistance in Terms of Disbursement. Dipetik Desember 13, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/wh ite/2010/html/honbun/b3/s1.html

MOFA. (2016, Agustus 17). Top > Foreign Policy > Global Issues & ODA > Official Development Assistance (ODA) > List of Exchange of Notes > Exchange of Notes in Fiscal Year 2015 Grant Aid by Region. Dipetik Desember 17, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/pa ge23_000042.html

MOFA. (2016). White Paper on Development Cooperation 2016 (Chapter 2: Japan's ODA Disbursement). Dipetik Desember 17, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/0002863

pdf

MOFA. (2017). Chapter 2 Specific Initiatives of Japan’s Development Cooperation Section 2 Assistance for Each Region (East Asia). Dipetik Desember 7,

, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affais) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/0004066

pdf

MOFA. (2017). White Paper on Cooperation Development 2017 (5. Sub-Saharan Africa). Dipetik Desember 14, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/0004066

pdf

MOFA. (2017). White Paper on Development Cooperation 2017 (Assistance for Each Regon: Middle East and North Africa). Dipetik Desember 8, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foriegn Affairs) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/o da/files/000406645.pdf

MOFA. (2018, Oktober 9). Chapter 1 (Japan’s Official Development Assitance in Terms of Disbursements). Dipetik Maret 25, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Web site: https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/0004066

pdf

MOFA. (2018, April 2). Official Development Assistance (ODA): Exchange of Notes in Fiscal Year 2017 Loan Aid by Region. Dipetik Desember 18, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Policy) Jepang Website:https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/pa ge22e_000806.html

MOFA. (2018). Top > Foreign Policy > Global Issues & ODA > Official Development Assistance (ODA) > White Paper on Development Cooperation / Japan’s ODA White Paper > 2018 > Main Text > 1 East Asia. Dipetik Desember 7, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/wh ite/2018/html/main/03/03-01.html

MOFA. (2018). White Paper on Development Cooperations 2018: Japan's ODA Disbursement in 2017 (Official Development Assistance by Type of Assistance and Currency (2017)). Dipetik Desember 17, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000555001.pdf

MOFA. (2019, Agustus). TICAD 7: Japan's Conributions for Africa. Dipetik Maret 10, 2021, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foregin Affairs) Web site: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/t icad/ticad7/pdf/ticad7_torikumi_en.pdf

MOFA. (2019, April 10). Top > Foreign Policy > Global Issues & ODA > Official Development Assistance (ODA) > List of Exchange of Notes > Exchange of Notes in Fiscal Year 2018 Grant Aid by Region. Dipetik Desember 15, 2020, dari MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Jepang Website: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/pa ge22e_000840.html

MOFA. (2020, February 17). Top > Foreign Policy > Global Issues & ODA > Official Development Assistance (ODA) > White Paper on Development Cooperation / Japan's ODA White Paper > White Paper on Development Cooperation 2018 (Exel). Dipetik December 14, 2020, dari MOFA Web Site: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/pa ge24e_000262.html

Morozkina, A. (2019). Official Development Aid: Trends of the Last Decade. World Economy and International Relations, 86-92. Murdaningsih, D. (2019, Oktober 16). Home>News>International (Kualitas Pendidikan Picu Anak Muda di Afrka Sulit Cari Kerja). Dipetik Desember 17, 2020, dari Republika Website: https://internasional.republika.co.id/be rita/pzfj3o368/kualitas-pendidikan- picu-anak-muda-afrika-sulit-cari-kerja

Natalia, E. C. (2018, September 21). CNBC Indonesia>News>Berita (Presiden Afsel Susun Strategi Atasi Krisi Eonomi). Dipetik Februari 28, 2021, dari CNBC Indonesia Web site: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/

-4-34310/presiden- afsel-susun-strategi-atasi-krisis- ekonomi

Njinkeu, D., Mwabu, G., Rwegasira, D., & Gesami, R. (1999). A Straegic Framework for Using Japanese Official Development Assistance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Dipetik Desember 17, 2020, dari JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) Website: https://www.jica.go.jp/jica- ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica- ri/publication/archives/jbic/report/pape r/pdf/rp16_e05.pdf

Nuechterlein, D. E. (1976). National Interest and Foreign Policy: A Conceptual Framwork for Analysis and Decision Making. British Journal of International Studies, 246-266.

OECD. (2012, Juni 7). Home: Development Co-operation Directorate (DCD- DAC) > The OECD and the Millennium Development Goals. Dipetik Oktober 27, 2020, dari OECD (Organization for Economy Cooperation and Development) Website: http://www.oecd.org/dev/The%20OE CD%20and%20the%20Millennium%20Development%20Goals.pdf

OECD. (2019). OECD Home> Development Co-operation Directorate>Financing for sustainable development>Development finance standards>Official Development Assistance (ODA). Dipetik Oktober 27, 2020, dari OECD (Orgaization for Economic co-Operation and Development) Website: https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing- sustainable-development/development-finance- standards/official-development- assistance.html

OECD. (t.thn.). Aid (ODA) Disbursements to Countries and Regionals (DAC2a). Dipetik November 22, 2020, dari OECD (Orgaization for Economic Co- Operation and Development) Website: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?Data SetCode=Table2A

OECD. (t.thn.). ODA: ODA by Sector. Dipetik November 4, 2020, dari OECD (Orgaization for Economic Co- Operation and Development) Website: https://data.oecd.org/oda/oda-by- sector.htm#indicator-chart

Otopalik, C. M. (2010). Japan's Overseas Development Assistance: Assessing Conformance with Shifting Priorities. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 1-33.

Pankaj, A. K. (2005). Revisiting Foreign Aid Theories. International Studies, 104-121.

Rahman, I. (2017). Norms and Values in Japanese Democracy Assistance towards Southeast, 2008-2013. Journal of Society and Governance, 35-52.

Raposo, P. A. (2012). Japan's Foreign Aid Policy and the Influence of External Factors: Implications for the TICAD Security and Political Role. Portuguese Journal of International Affairs, 16-27.

Sasaki, N. (2019, Agustus 27). Business / Economy l TICAD 7 Special (Africa commerce succeeds through new partnerships). Dipetik Januari 13, 2021, dari Japan Times Website: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/27/business/economy- business/africa-commerce-succeeds- new-partnerships/

Scarlett, C. (2013). Japan's Role in Africa: Princple, Pragmatism and Partnership. African East-Asian Affairs 70, 4-12.

Sim, W. (2019, Agustus 29). Asia>East Asia (Japan Urges Private Sector Investment in Africa Amid Rivalry with China for Influence). Dipetik Maret 9, 2021, dari The Straits Times Web site: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-urges-private-sector- investment-in-africa-amid-rivalry- with-china-for-influence

Simanihuruk, Y. A. (2018). Jurnal FIS-HI (Peningkata Bantuan Luar Negeri Jepang Dalam Mengamankan Kepentingannya Melalui Tokyo International Conference on African Development Terhadap Kenya Tahun 2014-2016). Dipetik December 13, 2020, dari Repository UNPAS Website: http://repository.unair.ac.id/69754/3/J URNAL_Fis.HI.18%2018%20Ang%20p.pdf

Sitepu, P. A. (2011). Studi Hubungan Internasional. Yogyakarta: Graha Pustaka.

Statista. (2020, Oktober 13). Economy & Politics›Economy (Distribution of Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) Disbursement in 2018, by Region). Dipetik Desember 14, 2020, dari Statista Web Site:https://www.statista.com/statistics/739

/japans-oda-disbursements-share- by-region/

The Legatum Prosperity Index Team. (2016, Juni). The Africa Prosperity report. Dipetik Februari 28, 2021, dari Legatum Institute Web site: https://li.com/wp- content/uploads/2016/06/2016-africa- prosperity-report-pdf.pdf

The Legatum Prosperity Index Team. (2020, Januari). The Africa Prosperity Report

/2020. Dipetik Februari 28, 2021, dari Legatum Institute Web site: https://li.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/01/The-Africa- Prosperity-Report-2020.pdf

UN. (2016). Home>>Partnerships>>Tokyo Internatonal Conference of Africa's Development. Dipetik Januari 13, 2021, dari United Nations Website: https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/part nerships/ticad.shtml

VOA. (2013, Juni 1). Afrika (Jepang Investasi Milyaran Dollar ke Afrika). Dipetik Januari 13, 2021, dari VOA Indonesia Website:https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/jepang-investasi-milyaran-dolar-ke- afrika/1673205.html

Watanabe, M. (2008). Japan's Foreign Aid Policy in Transition: An Interpretetion of TICAD IV. 7-26.

WITS. (2018). Japan Product Exports to Sub- Saharan Africa 2018. Dipetik Januari

, 2021, dari World Integrated Trade Solution Web site: https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryPro file/en/Country/JPN/Year/2018/Trade Flow/Export/Partner/SSF/Product/all- groups

WITS. (2018). Japan Product Imports from Sub-Saharan Africa 2018. Dipetik Januari 13, 2021, dari World Intergrated Trade Solution Website: https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryPro file/en/Country/JPN/Year/2018/Trade Flow/Import/Partner/SSF/Product/all- groups




DOI: https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v14i2.4740

DOI (PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)): https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v13i2.4740.g4447

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 

 Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan indexed by:

 

     

 

 

 

slot gacor slot gacor hari ini slot gacor 2025 demo slot pg slot gacor slot gacor